By a journey to Thailand on less than 1 month recommend protection against the following infections:

Diphtheria
Diphtheria is a serious throat infection, which infects from person-to-person through the air. The vaccination should be less than 10 years old otherwise a booster is needed.
Read more about diphteria here.

Hepatitis A (infectious hepatitis)
Infectious hepatitis infects through contaminated food and water. Vaccination consists of two injections about 12 months apart, which protects for up to 25 years. The first vaccination protects for 12 months. 
Read more about hepatitis A here.
The hepatitis A vaccine can be combined with the vaccine against hepatitis B

Tetanus
Tetanus is a complication to wounds contaminated by soil. If there has been a vaccination within the past 10 years it is not necessary to give a booster in case of wounds and accidents. Tetanus vaccinations are usually given in combination with diphtheria vaccine. If you are previously vaccinated, the vaccine can be given right up to departure.

Yellow fever - transit
Certain countries without yellow fever require a valid yellow fever vaccination certificate if you arrives (even in transit) from a country where yellow fever is present. 

If you arrive from a country without yellow fever, there is no requirement for a yellow fever vaccination.

Read more about yellow fever here.

Malaria in Thailand
The risk of malaria in Thailand is shown on the map above. The choice of drug for prevention is between: Malarone or Doxycycline. Protection against mosquito bites will reduce the risk further.
The distribution of malaria can be seen at the map below.
Read more about malaria here.

The information on malaria risk in individual countries are based on the sources found here

Recommended vaccinations Starting Diphtheria 1 day Hepatitis A (infectious hepatitis) 1 week Tetanus 1 day Yellow fever - transit 10 days Malaria in Thailand 1 day 10 days When to start vaccinations before leaving::